Heating and ventilation project for an office center with parking
Our design company has developed the design documentation of heating and ventilation of an office center with underground parking.
1. HEATING AND HEATING SYSTEMS OF THE OFFICE CENTER
The heating is provided from the projected built-in heating system located on the "-1 floor" of the building (building A).
Heat consumers are:
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water heating systems;
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heating system of ventilation duct heaters;
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air heat curtains (AHF);
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air heaters (AHUs);
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glycol heating system for entrances/ ramps;
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hot water supply system.
The coolant was adopted with the parameters:
- for heating - 85 / 60 ° C, the coolant water;
- for heat supply of air-supply installations - 95-70 °С, the heat carrier is propylene glycol 45%;
- 95-70°C for hot water supply, hot water coils, and ramp/entrance group heating, 45% propylene glycol.
Heating system.
The heating system provides the indoor air temperature in the serviced rooms in accordance with the regulatory documents and the requirements of the Customer's Terms of Reference. The heating scheme is adopted two-pipe, with the floor distribution from distribution manifolds. Location of the main heating risers are agreed within the architectural concept of the building.
Horizontal taps on each floor with the distribution of horizontal pipelines (radiant heating system) to the heating devices and the installation of the latter. On each floor there will be service panels with shut-off and control valves, thermometers and filters. In the office building, each heating comb is equipped with a heat meter.
In the apart-hotel each circuit is equipped with a heat meter. Piping to the radiators is provided in the preparation of the floor. The connection to the appliances from below. In-floor convectors with natural convection are adopted as heating devices for the administrative and domestic premises. For technical and auxiliary rooms, as well as for the staircases adopted convectors or radiators.
Independent heating risers are provided for staircases. In single rooms remote from the heating risers, electric radiators are provided. Heating devices are provided with an operating pressure of not less than 1 MPa. Heating devices are designed with preset flow controllers with thermostatic heads, air release valves and shut-off valves.
Pipelines floor distribution in the preparation of the floor up to DN32 mm made of cross-linked reinforced polypropylene [MM1] Rehau Rautitan Pink, with a diameter above DN32 mm of steel water and gas pipes according to GOST 3262-75. For all pipelines of the heating system there is a highly effective insulation material of foam rubber. The lower points of the networks are designed with drain cocks with nipples for draining water into the water intake devices.
Heat supply to ventilation systems, air handling units and air handling units
Heat supply systems of air handling unit calorifiers are designed as two-pipe with a dead-end water flow. Each air handling unit has an individual regulation of the coolant by two-way valves with electric actuators, which are installed on the return pipelines and provide the specified air temperature after the duct heater.
Heating systems are equipped with the necessary number of shut-off and control valves and have circulation pumps. Circulation pumps of heat supply systems are designed with frequency control in order to maintain a constant pressure in the heat supply network. Each air handling unit is protected against freezing.
For this purpose, circulation pumps are installed that are designed for the maximum flow rate and are able to overcome, at this flow rate, the hydraulic resistance of all shut-off and control valves and the duct heaters. The pumps are installed close to the duct heaters (they are part of the piping unit). Piping to the supply systems is provided in the room ventilating chambers.
The project provides for the installation of water (at 45% propylene glycol). air-heat curtains at the entrance and exit ramp, at the main entrances (see Sheet 2 and Annex B). [MM2] Each air curtain has its own room temperature control unit. Where isolation valves are installed behind suspended ceilings of corridors and auxiliary rooms, to enable disconnection of branches of independent circuits and to enable water drainage.
Access to shut-off and control valves is provided through removable panels in the modular ceiling coverings, or through hatches in a continuous false ceiling. In the parking area is designed air heating system combined with a supply ventilation system that maintains a temperature of +5 ° C. During the night, when there are no entries and exits of vehicles (when the concentration of CO is low), air-conditioning units are used for heating the parking lot as well as to save heat and electricity. Volcano VR 1).
The air conditioners are also a backup source of heat for the parking area. The air conditioners are controlled automatically by a temperature sensor (thermostat). There is a glycol snow melting system for the heating of the entrance groups/pandules ( Uponor ). The system is equipped with factory distribution manifolds, shut-off valves as well as an automation kit (ice sensor).
Risers heating system, heat supply, the main pipelines to DN 40 mm inclusive are made of steel water and gas pipes GOST 3262-75, with a diameter above DN 50 mm are made of steel electric-welded pipes GOST 10704-91. At the main entrance groups to prevent the intrusion of cold outside air are designed thermal water curtains firm "Kampman", which have built-in control. Each air curtain is protected against freezing.
At the intersection of pipelines of building structures are installed sleeves with subsequent sealing of gaps with non-combustible materials. Steel pipelines of heat supply systems are painted twice GF-021 before installation and after welding prior to installation of insulation materials. Then pipelines of heat supply systems are insulated with material from " K - Flex ST "9-13 mm thick. Shut-off valves must also be insulated.
The main pipelines must be installed with a slope of 0.002 in the direction of the technical rooms or branch points. At all low points of the pipelines, drain valves shall be installed so that the system can be drained. At all higher points the installation of air collectors with bleeders is required to allow air drainage. Danfoss ".
GENERAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS
in the designed buildings is designed general exchange supply and exhaust mechanical ventilation.
The division into ventilation systems is made in accordance with:
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division into fire compartments;
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the purpose of the premises;
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mode of operation of the premises.
The project of ventilation and air conditioning is made in accordance with the following principles:
1. The premises of tenants are delivered with ducting from the appropriate systems serving the premises with the installation of automatic air flow regulators at the entrance to the premises. The ducting, placement and installation of air distribution and exhaust devices shall be performed by the tenants.
Tenant areas include:
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office space;
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apartment-hotel;
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conference rooms
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meeting rooms;
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canteen;
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restaurants.
2. Ventilation of public areas shall be complete at the time of acceptance of the facility. Public areas include:
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Parking lot;
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Lobby;
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Public restrooms;
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Management company offices;
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Technical rooms serving the public areas;
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Ventilation chambers;
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Public corridors.
The air exchange in the rooms of the building and the air parameters are accepted in accordance with Table 1 and the requirements of the relevant regulatory documents.
The amount of outdoor air per person in the rooms is assumed (see also Table 1):
- 60 m³/hour in rooms with a long stay of people (more than 2 hours continuously);
- 20 m³/hour in rooms with short-term (up to 2 hours) occupancy.
In residential rooms, the calculated air exchange is based on the supply of 70 m³/hour per person, but not less than 2 times (according to the Customer's specifications).
In commercial premises, the calculated air exchange is determined from the supply condition of the sanitary norm:
- 20 m³/hour in rooms with short-term (up to 2 hours) stay of people;
- 60 m³/hour in rooms with prolonged stay of people (more than 2 hours continuously).
The amount of air removed from the premises of public sanitary rooms is taken:
- 50 m3/hour per toilet bowl;
- 25 m3 /hour for the urinal;
- 75 m3/hour for the shower cabin.
The air exchange in the premises of the dining room, restaurant, cafe is calculated in accordance with the technological specifications, from the condition of heat and moisture loss assimilation. Calculation of air exchanges in technical rooms is made according to the normative multiplicity and the condition of heat and moisture loss assimilation. Calculation of air exchanges is based on the condition that smoking is not foreseen in the building.
The central equipment is located in ventilation chambers located on the -2nd floor of the parking lot, on the 1st floor, as well as on the 8th floor and on the roof. Air intakes for air conditioners and ventilation systems are located on the 1st floor for rooms -2,-1 of the parking lot, as well as restaurant and dining area of floors 1 and 2. The bottom of the ventilation grilles is provided at a height of at least 2m.
For the upper floors the air intakes are placed on the 8th floor. The distance from the emissions to the air intakes is at least 10 m. In order to meet the requirements for energy conservation, the supply air conditioners are equipped with heat recovery units in combination with the exhaust units. The project provides ventilation units with frequency converters of fan speed associated with intelligent building management, which allow changing the speed of rotation of fans of units depending on the number of people and during off-hours. Separate systems are provided with 2-speed fans.
At this stage of the project, the equipment by " Al - ko "(Germany), which has all necessary certificates GOST-R for use in Russia, including fire protection VNIIPO, RosGorTekhnadzor and Hygienic and certified by Eurovent. Exhaust fans - companies Systemair . See Appendix D "Characteristics of heating and ventilation equipment".
The air to and from each floor is supplied and discharged via vertical ducts located primarily within the fire compartment served by the duct. Floor-by-floor distribution of air ducts is carried out in the false ceilings. In the parking lot and technical rooms, there is an open routing of utilities.
Supply air is distributed and removed from the premises via air inlets and outlets made by TROX (Germany). Air ducts of general ventilation systems are made of galvanized steel, with nipple or flange connections, and sealed with rubber gaskets. Transit air ducts within the served fire compartment are of class "P" and are made of steel 1.2 mm thick. The ducts must be coated with a flame retardant in accordance with current regulations. The air ducts are galvanized sheet steel, grade H, on the floors to be served.
The air ducts with air conditioning and supply air are insulated with at least 9 mm foam rubber insulation (K-flex). Outdoor air ducts have a minimum thickness of 25 mm (K-flex).
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Parking Lots, ramps
The parking premises of the parking lot have a mechanical mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation to dilute and remove gaseous emissions. The rooms of the supply air chambers are independent for each fire compartment and are located in the corresponding compartment served by the unit on the -1 floor of the parking lot.
Exhaust equipment is located in the ventilation chambers on the roof of the building C, on the 8th floor of the building B and on the roof of the building A. Independent for each floor of the parking lot air supply systems P1, P3 and P5, P8 (systems -1 floor) are envisaged. Ventilation units of exhaust systems B1, B3, B5, B8, (-1 floor systems). See Appendix D "Characteristics of heating and ventilation equipment".
Supply and exhaust equipment serving the parking area shall be provided with redundant electric motors. The supply air shall be supplied to the driveway area. Exhaust is provided from two zones: lower and upper 50% of the total air exchange. The supply air flow rate is 20% less than the exhaust air volume to ensure rarefaction in the parking lot.
The calculation of ventilation air volumes in the parking lot is based on the conditions of carbon monoxide dissolution to the permitted concentration, but not less than 150m3/h per car. Independent supply and exhaust systems are provided for the ramps. Supply units P10, P11 are installed in the supply ventilation chambers respectively on the -1 floor. Exhaust equipment (systems B10 and B11) is installed on the roof. Extraction is carried out from each level of the ramp.
The composition of the supply units:
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The air intake section, including an electrically operated damper with electric heating,
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G4 class filter section,
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air heating section,
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fan section.
If necessary, the installation of sound attenuators on the air ducts is provided. Supply and exhaust units are equipped with frequency converters of fan speed associated with intelligent building management (CO carbon monoxide sensors), which allow to change the speed of supply and exhaust fans depending on the number of cars and during off-hours. The air exchange is determined from the condition of dilution of pollutants coming into the room from the working engines of machines.
In the parking room there are devices for measuring the concentration of CO, and in the control room to control CO. The air exchange of the ramp and parking area is designed at least 2 times the air exchange of these rooms. The main hazard in the parking lot is carbon monoxide (CO) emitted into the environment when operating a carburetor engine, determined according to ONTP-01-91 by the formula:
Mj = , where
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Mj - mass of carbon monoxide emission, g/sec,
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Lj - the conditional mileage of the car,
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tB - 1 hour - time of release and return of the car,
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gj - specific carbon monoxide emission by one medium-class vehicle,
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n is the number of groups of cars,
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ae - operational number of cars,
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Kc- coefficient, taking into account the influence of the mode of movement of cars.
The amount of air required to dilute pollutants in the parking room is determined by the formula:
Lso= , m3/hour;
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SRV - maximum permissible concentration of the estimated harmfulness in the working area,
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СН - concentration of estimated harmfulness in ambient air in mg/m3.
Necessary air exchange, m3 /h to dissolve the harmfulness of CO is determined by the formula:
The inflow temperature for installations is determined by the formula:
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Qt.p. - heat loss of the parking lot, W
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Qmash. - is the heat required for heating the entering cars, W.
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Heat consumption for heating of the cold cars: Q=G'0.029'(ttn-tn)'n,
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where G is the weight of the car, kg.
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0,029 W/h for heating of 1kg of weight
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n - number of entering cars per hour according to the technological requirements. The calculation results are summarized in Appendix B.
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Tenants' offices
The ventilation and air conditioning of offices is carried out independently of other building systems. Provision is made for the supply and exhaust ventilation of the offices, offices, meeting rooms, catering facilities. Exhaust from the bathrooms is provided.
Sanitary norms of outdoor air supply:
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offices where people stay continuously for more than 2 hours - at least 60 m3/hour per person;
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for premises with a temporary stay of people (less than 2 hours)-not less than 20m3/hour;
In the supply and exhaust unit included stock in kol-value of 20% of the required flow to ensure the transition of the office area from class A to class A +.
For the rooms of the reception rooms (coffee-points) provides a combined floor mechanical exhaust.
Connection to the common riser shaft is made through a normally open OZK. In coffee-points cooking is not implied, only heating.
The air is exhausted above the level of the roof of the 12-storey building.
The composition of the main air intake units:
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An air intake section including an electrically operated damper with electric heating
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two-stage filtration in the filter section:
a) pre-cleaning in G4 class filters
b) main cleaning in class M6 filters
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Plate heat exchanger with integrated bypass,
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air heating section,
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cooling section,
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fan section,
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steam humidifier,
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set of flexible inserts,
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silencers.
Composition of main exhaust units:
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electrically actuated damper,
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section of filters G4,
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plate heat exchanger with integrated bypass,
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fan section.
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set of flexible inserts
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silencers.
Air handling units for offices from floors 1 to 7, complete with extract units, are placed in the supply air chambers on the 8th floor, for offices from 9 to 14 floors - on the roof. Exhaust equipment of sanitary and electrical rooms is installed on the roof. The air exchange rate in corridors and halls is 1 air change per hour. See Appendix D, Characteristics of Heating and Ventilation Equipment.
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Apart-hotel
The rooms of the Apart-Hotel are equivalent to those of a 3* hotel. Ventilation and air conditioning of the rooms is independent of the other systems of the building. Provision is made for combined extract and input ventilation of bedrooms, living rooms and kitchens. From the dressing rooms and toilets provided extraction. The calculation of air is made in accordance with the standards, but not less than 3 times the air exchange.
The composition of the main air inlets:
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air intake section including electrically operated damper with electric heating
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Two-stage filtration in filter section:
a) pre-cleaning in G4 class filters
b) main cleaning in class M6 filters
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Plate heat exchanger with integrated bypass,
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air heating section,
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cooling section
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fan section,
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steam humidifier,
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set of flexible inserts,
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silencers.
Composition of main exhaust units:
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electrically actuated damper,
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G4 filter section,
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plate heat exchanger with integrated bypass,
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fan section.
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set of flexible inserts
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silencers.
Supply air conditioners, complete with exhaust units, are placed in the supply air chambers on the 8th floor. Exhaust equipment for sanitary rooms, kitchens shall be installed on the 8th floor, with subsequent removal of air ducts to the roof of the 14th floor of the building. See Appendix D, Characteristics of Heating and Ventilation Equipment.
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Restaurants, Dining Room
Separate supply and exhaust systems are provided for the 1st floor restaurant. One of the supply systems serves the visitors' lounge and the other serves the production areas. Separate exhaust systems are provided for each of these areas. A separate exhaust system is provided for the local exhaust systems. Separate supply and exhaust systems are provided for the aparthotel restaurant and dining room, located on the 2nd floor. One of the supply systems serves the visitors' lounge and the other serves the production areas.
Separate exhaust systems are provided for each of these areas. Separate exhaust systems are provided for local suction. The air exchange in the production facilities is calculated with a negative air balance, taking into account the positive air balance of the visitors' premises.
Thus, the overflow of air from the premises of visitors to the technological area in the volume of 40% and the possibility of penetration of smells from the kitchen in the adjacent rooms is excluded. There is also a supply of cooled air in the production facilities. The amount of air supplied to these rooms is determined by multiplicity or by heat gains in accordance with the Technological assignment and current Sanitary Norms.
Local suction units shall be installed over the equipment generating heat (in the hot shop, kitchen) and moisture (in the washing rooms). In general, the amount of exhaust air in the zone provides a negative imbalance of 10% in relation to the other areas of the floor.
The air supply units serving the hall include:
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An air intake section including an electrically operated damper with electric heating
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two-stage cleaning in the filter section:
a) Pre-cleaning in G4 class filters
b) basic filtration in M6 class filters
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Plate heat exchanger with integrated bypass,
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air heating section,
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cooling section
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fan section,
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steam humidifier,
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set of flexible inserts,
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silencers.
The air supply units serving the production facilities include:
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air intake section including electrically operated damper with electric heating
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two-stage cleaning in filter section:
a) pre-cleaning in G4 class filters
b) main cleaning in M6 class filters
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air heating section,
cooling section,
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fan section,
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sound attenuation section.
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set of flexible inserts.
Exhaust fans of general ventilation are equipped with electrically driven dampers. Silencers are installed in the suction and pressure ducts. Exhaust fans of sanitary units are equipped with check valves. Exhaust fans of local suction of production area premises are equipped with electrically driven dampers, grease and charcoal filters.
The supply equipment for restaurant halls and kitchens is installed in a separate supply ventilation chamber on the 1st floor. Exhaust equipment, including local suction equipment, is installed on the roof of the building and in the exhaust air chamber on the 8th floor with subsequent routing of ducts to the roof of the 14th floor building. See Appendix D: Characteristics of Heating and Ventilation Equipment.
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Bathrooms.
Separate exhaust systems are provided for the bathrooms. To compensate for the exhaust from the toilets, an air supply is provided in the corridors adjacent to the toilets. From them, the air is supplied to the toilet area through the overflow grilles in the doors. Exhaust from restrooms is carried out from each stall, in showers - from each shower room.
Additional vacuum is created in the toilet room to prevent odors from entering the area adjacent to the toilet. Connection to the common riser shaft is made through a normally open OZK The equipment is installed in the upper part of the building in the exhaust air chambers and is open on the roof. The air was discharged above the roof level of the 14-story building.
See Appendix D, Characteristics of Heating and Ventilation Equipment.
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Technical Rooms.
Calculation of air exchange in technical rooms is made by multiplicity, from the condition of heat and moisture loss assimilation. The inflow is supplied from the system of general exchange ventilation from adjoining rooms
Forced supply and exhaust ventilation is provided in the premises of the refrigerating center. For the rooms of the main switchboard, electric switchboards there are separate exhaust systems with air flow from the corridors, providing the rated air exchange. The room is served by a separate supply and exhaust system PV9.1, which is two axial fans.
Supply air is taken from the street. Variation of supply and return air flow is controlled by a temperature sensor installed in the heating and ventilation system. See Appendix D "Characteristics of heating and ventilation equipment".
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HEATING OF VENTILATION SYSTEMS
Heat supply of the ventilation system is carried out from the heat supply system by an independent scheme, located on the -1 floor of the complex. The section of the IHP is developed as a separate project.
There will be 1 ventilation heat supply circuit with the device of distribution chimney in the premises of the IHS:
- the heat supply circuit of the air-supply installations of the parking P1-P11;
- heating supply systems for the air-supply installations of the restaurants P13, P14, P18, P21, located in the air handling unit on the 1st floor;
- the heat supply system of the air-supply installations in the B building, P16, P19, P22, P12
- the contour of heat supply to the air-supply installations of building A - P15, PV17, PV23, PV24, PV25, PV26, PV27, PV28.
The following design parameters have been adopted as the coolant for the heat supply systems of the fan heaters and the air curtains - an aqueous solution of polypropylene glycol 45% with the parameters of 95-70°C. For the parking lot, the project provides for air heating combined with supply ventilation.
The inflow temperature in winter for systems with air heating is determined by the formula: The calculation results are summarized in Appendix C "Parking lot air exchange calculation" and Appendix D "Characteristics of heating and ventilation equipment". The main pipelines of the air heating system are made of seamless steel pipes.
Seamless steel pipes (up to ø50 inclusive) GOST 8733 (Russia) and longitudinal electric-welded pipes (over ø50 ) GOST 10704-91 (Russia). Pipelines shall be laid in insulation. In case of concealed laying in places of demountable joints of pipelines and fittings it is necessary to provide removable floor or wall elements.
The system is equipped with shutoff and control valves for hydraulic linkage, the possibility of disconnecting parts of the system for maintenance and repair, air removal from the system. Air release is provided through the air cocks of heating devices and automatic air vents in the upper points of the system.
The pipelines are provided with fittings with shut-off valves with a nominal diameter of at least 20 mm to drain water at the lowest points of the water and condensate pipelines. Automatic balancing valves with the possibility of drainage are installed on the risers of heat supply. To compensate for thermal expansion of pipelines, self-compensation and axial compensators are used.
To reduce the loss of heat pipelines, fittings, equipment and flange connections are covered with thermal insulation K-flex. Expansion tanks (or pressure maintenance units) are equipped with safety valves During off-hours, standby heat supply is provided. The temperature reduction is carried out centrally.
The system of automatics and dispatching of the equipment ensures compliance with the working temperature graphs of the heating system of ventilation as well as the possibility of remote control and management of the equipment from the dispatching centre (BMS). The heat supply system is fully automated, it is possible to monitor and control equipment remotely from the control room (BMS).
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
Cooling water via circulation pumps with frequency controllers is distributed through the entire building via steel pipes to the cooling units and local fan coils (fancoils). The use of standby pumps for uninterrupted cold supply is provided.
The cold supply shall be provided by:
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central air conditioners installed in ventilation chambers.
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fan coils.
The cold supply of the fan coils is provided by separate circuits in accordance with the division into groups of rooms:
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Office part;
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Public catering facilities;
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Commercial areas;
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Apart-hotel.
Each circuit is equipped with a metering unit of the released cold.
All tenants, such as offices, apartment hotels, restaurants, conference rooms, meeting rooms are connected to supply and return pipes to supply fan coils to be further installed by the tenant. On the supply pipeline there is a shutoff valve and on the return pipeline there is AB-QM automatic valve (Danfoss) which fulfills the function of regulating and balancing valve.
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The return and supply pipelines are connected by a bypass with a shutoff valve to circulate water before the tenants arrive. This valve is installed in the space of the suspended ceiling. The calculated amount of coolant corresponds to the heat gain of the leased space.
In public areas (lobby, dining room), in addition to central cooling in central air conditioners, cooling is provided by fan coils located in the area of the suspended ceiling and installed by the Owner of the building in full. No cooling is provided in toilets.
The required cooling capacity is based on the removal of heat losses from:
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people;
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technological equipment
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lighting;
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solar radiation;
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heat brought in by the supply air.
For cooling sections of the central air supply units (central air conditioners), the installation of electrically operated control valves, shut-off and control valves, valves for air removal and drainage of coolant is provided.
For air-conditioning of the serviced rooms 2-pipe fan coils (fancoils) of Carrier . Fan coils are equipped with control valves with electric drive. Control of the productivity of fan coils is performed centrally according to the air temperature sensor in the serviced premises and directly in the premises by wall thermostats.
Installation of fan coils is envisaged in the suspended ceiling space. The definite advantages of this solution will be the maximum flexibility of the system, and as a consequence, the ability to accurately maintain the set temperature, as well as energy savings. In addition, the size of the ventilation equipment and ducts is reduced.
For the tenants' premises, the installation of:
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shut-off valves;
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automatic control valves, with the possibility of measurement;
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mesh filter;
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test points;
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connection points to the condensate drainage system.
For the rooms of the control room, server room, main switchboard an independent air conditioning system is provided. Capacity and type of air conditioning system is determined on the basis of the terms of reference of the related section (SCS). At this stage of the design envisaged split-systems Carrier . The air conditioning system operates over the entire outdoor temperature range.
Redundancy of the server rooms air conditioning system equipment is carried out according to N+1 scheme. Outdoor units of split-systems are installed in the courtyard with installation of vandal-proof enclosure, as well as on the roof of the building. Places of installation of outdoor units will be specified in the design stage of RD.
[AK3] For air conditioning of the CC shaft in office building A, the installation of a ducted fan-coil unit in the corridor, working for the cooling of the switching unit, is envisaged. Independent air conditioning systems server tenants are carried out by tenants. Shafts for laying pipelines and locations for the installation of outdoor cooling units for these systems are provided.
In order to save energy resources, the project provides for the use of heat from the condensers of refrigeration machines for the preparation of hot water. Installation of an additional heat exchanger for this purpose is provided in the CC room on the 8th floor. Main pipelines and main risers of the cooling system are made of steel seamless pipes.
Seamless steel ordinary pipes (up to ø50 inclusive) GOST 8733 (Russia) and electrically welded straight seam pipes (over ø50 ) GOST 10704-91 (Russia). Laying of main pipelines is carried out mainly in technical corridors and communication shafts. The project provides separate risers to receive drainage water from the fan coils.
Risers are made of steel water and gas pipes, distribution on the floor is made of plastic pipes. Drainage pipelines are laid with a slope of 0.01 to the place of discharge. The necessary number of shutoff and control valves for hydraulic coordination of the system, the possibility of disconnecting individual sections of the system for maintenance and repair, drainage and removal of air from the system is provided. Pipelines of the refrigeration system are covered with thermal insulation made of modern K-fleKS materials.
FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES FOR "HVAC" SYSTEMS
The project provides for fire protection measures in accordance with the Special Technical Conditions (STC) for design and reconstruction. The smoke protection solutions of the complex stipulate the installation of mechanical smoke removal and air overpressure systems, which provide safe evacuation of people in the initial stages of the fire. The building of the complex is divided into 4 fire compartments. Separate smoke and air-supply systems are provided for each fire compartment.
The mechanical smoke-removal systems are provided for the following areas and rooms
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from each level of the parking lot
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from the ramps
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from the evacuation corridors of the underground and aboveground parts
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from the restaurant and canteen areas
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from office premises.
Compensation of the volumes of combustion products removed for these areas is achieved by using separate systems of supply smoke ventilation with mechanical draft control, providing the supply of outside air in the lower part of each of the rooms protected in this way, as well as provides for air backup in case of fire:
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in all elevator shafts regardless of elevator lobbies (at least 20 Pa).
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in evacuation corridors.
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elevator halls and safety zones for the disabled.
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into the stairwells.
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in the vestibule airlocks of the parking lot.
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in the nozzle apparatus of the air curtain above the ramp gate from the parking lot side.
Special fans ensuring operability for 2 hours at gas temperature of 600°C have been envisaged for smoke-removal systems. Equipment by "VEZA" (Russia) shall be installed. Fans of smoke exhaust systems are installed on the roof of the building.
Smoke is discharged at a height of more than 2 m from the combustible roof and at a distance of at least 5 m from the air intakes of supply smoke ventilation systems. The installation of non-return valves at the fans of smoke removal and air overpressure to prevent the entry of cold air into the premises is provided.
One shaft of the smoke exhaust system serves the smoke zone of no more than 3,000 m² on each floor within the fire compartment. Smoke exhausting systems and supply anti-smoke ventilation systems use smoke (normally closed) valves by "VESA" (Russia) with electromechanical drive "Velimo" that can be controlled automatically, remotely, and manually.
Ducts of DU systems are made of steel, at least 0.8 mm thick, welded, class "P", and covered with fire retardant composition within served fire compartment to fire resistance EI 60, outside served fire compartment to fire resistance EI 150 (in accordance with Annex L. SP 7.13130.2009).
Ducts of AP systems are made of steel SB 60.13330.2012, but not less than 0.8 mm thick, class "P". They are coated with fire protection composition within the serviced fire compartment up to fire resistance EI 30, outside the serviced fire compartment up to fire resistance EI 150 (in accordance with Appendix L. SP 7.13130.2009).
Smoke extraction valves are accepted with automatic and remotely controlled actuators without thermocouples. As normally closed valves are used valves with reversible electric actuator. For the smoke removal ventilation systems of the building, the equipment produced in the Russian Federation is used, which has certificates of compliance and fire safety.
Normally open fire dampers are provided for the general ventilation systems:
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at the points where the ducts cross fire barriers of the serviced premises;
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On floor collection ducts, in places where they are connected to the collection collector.
Fire dampers by the firm "VESA" (Russia) with electromechanical drive "Belimo", which can be controlled automatically, remotely and manually, were installed. All fire protection systems, including fire dampers and smoke exhaust valves, are controlled from one central control point.
Sound-proof and heat-insulating materials of ventilation equipment shall be made of noncombustible materials. The systems of supply and exhaust ventilation, air conditioning and air heating are automatically turned off when there is a fire in the building and the smoke exhaust and air overpressure systems are automatically turned on. In addition, manual activation of the systems in case of fire is provided. The release of combustion products over the covers of the building is carried out at a distance of at least 5 m from the air intakes of the smoke ventilation systems.
CONSTRUCTIVE SOLUTIONS OF HVAC SYSTEMS
Horizontal routing of air ducts is designed behind suspended ceilings of corridors and serviced rooms. In the technical rooms it is assumed open laying of communications. Air intakes in the air chambers are carried out through air intake grilles. Ventilation units are located on the "-2, -1 floors" of the parking, on the first floor of the building, on the eighth floor (technical floor) and on the roof. The cross-sections of the air intake grilles for the "-2, -1 floor" units, as well as for the units located on the first floor of the building, are selected so as to ensure an air flow of less than 2.5 m/s through them. The bottom of the intake grid is two meters above ground level.
The intake grilles shall be provided with rain protection canopies. The distance between supply and exhaust grilles of general ventilation is designed at least 6m. All air handling units and central air conditioners shall be installed on foundations. Fans are installed on frames with vibration isolation.Horizontal laying of pipelines of heat and cold supply to perform with the help of traverses. To compensate for thermal elongations perform compensators. In places where it is impossible to install compensators, bellows compensators should be installed.
NOISE AND VIBRATION PROTECTION MEASURES
Plumbing and ventilation systems are designed according to the requirements of SP 51.133.2011.
The permissible level of noise shall be taken:
|
offices, reception areas, lobbies |
40 dBa; |
|
public areas |
50 dBa; |
|
catering facilities |
50 dBa; food service establishments |
|
commercial establishments |
45 dBa; |
|
aparthotel |
40 dBa; |
|
parking lot |
60 dBa |
Heating systems are provided with pipeline fixtures using rubber gaskets. The velocity of the coolant in the pipelines is taken no more than the values established by SNiP 41-01-2003 (2.04.05-91*). Pumps of heat and cold supply systems are installed on foundations, flexible inserts (rubber compensators) are used to connect the pumps to the pipelines.
Noise silencers are provided on air intakes and exhausts as well as on the air intake and exhaust from the side of the serviced premises as a part of the supply and exhaust systems and on separate exhaust systems. The air intake grilles shall have a velocity of the order of 2 m/s (not more than 2.5 m/s), the air discharge - not more than 2.5 m/s. Air velocities along the air ducts shall be taken as follows: in branch lines - up to 5 m/s, in trunk lines - up to 6.5 m/s, in shafts - up to 7 m/s.
Air handling units are installed on vibration-isolating bases with shock absorbers or attached to building structures through vibration absorbers. The connection of air ducts to ventilation units is carried out with flexible inserts. Ventilation equipment is installed in soundproof rooms with "floating" floors. No "floating" floors are provided in the ventilation chambers of the parking lot. In order to reduce the level of noise and vibration in the refrigerating center, soundproofing of the enclosing structures with the device of "floating" floor structure is provided.
The velocity of the coolant in the pipelines and air ducts shall be determined from the conditions of permissible noise level. Circulation pumps are connected to the piping through flexible connections. The fans should be dynamically balanced before installation and the pumps should be run in a test run to check the bearings and alignment of the wheels. Duct mounted fan coils are connected to the grilles with flexible sound attenuating ducts.
ENERGY SAVING MEASURES
In order to save energy resources, the following solutions have been applied in the project:
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All exterior fencing (walls, coverings, windows) are made with regard to energy saving conditions in accordance with SNiP 23-02-2003. The constructions of the enclosures are given in the architectural and construction section of the design;
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for all heat supply systems (heating ventilation, air curtains and heating systems) in the heating unit and locally in the premises, automation is provided to reduce the heat supply depending on the outdoor temperature and the heat consumption of the building from internal and external sources (lighting, equipment, visitors, insolation);
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each radiator is equipped with a thermostatic head for quantitative regulation of the coolant parameters, which saves heat resources for the heating system by recycling the heat gains from other temporary sources (electric lighting, office equipment, visitors, etc.)
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switching on the air curtain systems is carried out automatically according to the temperature sensor readings, as well as interlocked with the opening-closing of the entrance doors. Provides for automatic activation of air curtains at the entrance to the parking lot when the gate is open and when the air temperature in the gate area and in the vestibule of the building entrances decreases below the specified temperature, as well as the possibility of connection for regulation from the control room.
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general ventilation systems in the office part of the building are equipped with recuperative heat exchangers to recover heat from the exhaust air;
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application of ventilation units with heat recuperators;
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use of fans with frequency controlled drives;
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qualitative regulation of the heating capacity of supply air heaters and central air conditioners;
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devices for autoregulation of heat consumption by air handling units;
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installation of systems for autoregulation of cold consumption by central air conditioners, fan coils;
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installation of heat metering and control devices;
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Supply of minimal (sanitary) norms of outside air to the premises.
HVAC SYSTEM AUTOMATION
The project provides for automation of heating, ventilation and smoke exhaust systems:
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shutdown of ventilation systems in case of fire and activation of smoke protection systems;
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protection of heaters from freezing;
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interlocking of the heating medium and the fan with the opening of the heat valve;
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interlocking "air damper-fan";
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interlocking of systems;
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monitoring of the systems' operating status (on/off/emergency) and switching to reserve;
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control and regulation of the engineering systems parameters.
The following scope of automation is foreseen for ventilation systems:
- regulation of the supply air temperature by valves with electric actuators on the coolant pipelines;
- preliminary 3 minute heating of heaters at the startup of a supply system;
- Display of information about system operability and signaling of
of an alarm condition;
- Monitoring of filter clogging;
- interlocking of supply and exhaust systems serving the same functional zone;
- automatic shutdown of general ventilation systems in case of fire;
- automatic (programmable) switching on of ventilation systems before the beginning of a work shift and switching off of systems at the end of work in the building.
The mode of automatic control of the systems is duplicated by manual control. The choice of control mode is made by the service of the engineering systems of the building.
For diagrams of automatic control and dispatching systems, see SUE.
EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
At this stage the use of domestic and imported equipment and materials is envisaged. All equipment and materials used for the complex construction are certified for use in the Russian Federation.